فیزیولوژی ورزشی قلبی- عروقی پیشرفته

SECTION I CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

1. Essentials of the Cardiovascular System

• Components of the Cardiovascular System
• Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise
• Summary

2 The Heart as a Pump

• Gross Anatomy of the Heart
• Cardiac Cycle
• The Ventricular Pressure– Volume Loop
• Cardiac Output
• Distribution of Cardiac Output
• Coronary Blood Supply
• Measuring Cardiac Structure and Function
• Summary

3 Cardiac Myocytes

• Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Myocytes
• Excitation–Contraction Coupling
• Mechanisms of Contraction
• Metabolic Requirements
• Summary

4 Electrical Activity of the Heart

• Ion Basis of Electrical Activity
• Resting Membrane Potential
• Action Potential
• Conduction System of the Heart
• Autorhythmicity of Conduction Cells
• Pacemakers of the Heart
• Control of Heart Rate
• Brain- and Receptor-Mediated Heart Rate Control Mechanisms
• Heart Rate Variability
• Summary

5 The Electrocardiogram

• The ECG Tracing
• Measuring the ECG
• Measuring Heart Rate
• Cardiac Rhythms
• Conduction Blocks
• Ventricular Hypertrophy
• STSegment Changes (Ischemia)
• Myocardial Infarction
• Test Considerations
• Common ECG Changes in Athletes
• Summary

6 Hemodynamics and Peripheral Circulation

• The Pressure Differential
• Flow Velocity
• Poiseuille’s Law
• Blood Flow
• Arterial Blood Pressure
• Pulse Waves and Wave Reflections
• Control of Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation
• Reflex Control of Blood Pressure and Vasomotion
• Measurement of Blood Pressure and Pulse Wave Analysis
• Summary

7 Vascular Structure and Function

• Structure of Blood Vessels
• Vascular Network
• Endothelium
• Endothelium Regulation of Vascular Tone
• Vascular Smooth Muscle
• Measuring Endothelial and Vascular Function
• Summary

8 Hemostasis: Coagulation and Fibrinolysis

• Vascular Injury
• Platelets
• Coagulation
• Fibrinolysis—Clot Dissolution
• COVID-19 and Acute Thrombotic Events
• Assessing Hemostasis
• Summary