بیوشیمی فعالیت ورزشی

Part II. Biochemistry of the Neural and Muscular Processes of Movement

Chapter 7. Neural Control of Movement

7.1 Two Ways of Transmission of Nerve Signals

7.2 The Resting Potential

7.3 The Action Potential

7.4 Propagation of an Action Potential

7.5 Transmission of a Nerve Impulse from One Neuron to Another

7.6 Birth of a Nerve Impulse

7.7 The Neuromuscular Junction

7.8 Changes in Motor Neuron Activity During Exercise

7.9 A Lethal Arsenal at the Service of Research

Chapter 8. Muscle Activity

8.1 Structure of a Muscle Cell

8.2 The Sliding-Filament Theory

8.3 The Wondrous Properties of Myosin

8.4 Myosin Structure

8.5 Actin

8.6 Sarcomere Architecture

8.7 Mechanism of Force Generation

8.8 Myosin Isoforms and Muscle Fiber Types

8.9 Control of Muscle Contraction by Ca2+

8.10 Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Part III. Exercise Metabolism

III.1 Principles of Exercise Metabolism

III.2 Exercise Parameters

III.3 Experimental Models Used to Study Exercise Metabolism

III.4 Five Means of Metabolic Control in Exercise

III.5 Four Classes of Energy Sources in Exercise

Chapter 9. Compounds of High Phosphoryl Transfer Potential

9.1 The ATP-ADP Cycle

9.2 The ATP-ADP Cycle in Exercise

9.3 Phosphocreatine

9.4 Watching Exercise Metabolism

9.5 Loss of AMP by Deamination

9.6 Purine Degradation

Chapter 10. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Exercise

10.1 Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption

10.2 Glycogen Content of the Human Body

10.3 Glycogenesis

10.4 Glycogenolysis

10.5 Exercise Speeds Up Glycogenolysis in Muscle

10.6 The Cyclic-AMP Cascade

10.7 Recapping the Effect of Exercise on Muscle Glycogen Metabolism

10.8 Glycolysis

10.9 Exercise Speeds Up Glycolysis in Muscle

10.10 Pyruvate Oxidation

10.11 Exercise Speeds Up Pyruvate Oxidation in Muscle

10.12 The Citric Acid Cycle

10.13 Exercise Speeds Up the Citric Acid Cycle in Muscle

10.14 The Electron Transport Chain

10.15 Oxidative Phosphorylation

10.16 Energy Yield of the Electron Transport Chain

10.17 Energy Yield of Carbohydrate Oxidation

10.18 Exercise Speeds Up Oxidative Phosphorylation in Muscle

10.19 Lactate Production in Muscle During Exercise

10.20 Is Lactate Production a Cause of Fatigue?

10.21 Is Lactate Production Due to a Lack of Oxygen?

10.22 Features of the Anaerobic Carbohydrate Catabolism

10.23 Utilizing Lactate

10.24 Gluconeogenesis

10.25 A Shortcut in Gluconeogenesis

10.26 Exercise Speeds Up Gluconeogenesis in the Liver

10.27 The Cori Cycle

10.28 Exercise Speeds Up Glycogenolysis in the Liver

10.29 Control of the Plasma Glucose Concentration in Exercise

10.30 Blood Lactate Accumulation

10.31 Blood Lactate Decline

10.32 “Thresholds”

Chapter 11. Lipid Metabolism in Exercise

11.1 Triacylglycerol Digestion, Absorption, and Distribution

11.2 Digestion, Absorption, and Distribution of Other Lipids

11.3 Fat Content of the Human Body

11.4 Triacylglycerol Synthesis in Adipose Tissue

11.5 Lipolysis

11.6 Exercise Speeds Up Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue

11.7 Exercise Speeds Up Lipolysis in Muscle

11.8 Fate of the Lipolytic Products During Exercise

11.9 Fatty Acid Degradation

11.10 Energy Yield of Fatty Acid Oxidation

11.11 Degradation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

11.12 Degradation of Odd-Number Fatty Acids

11.13 Fatty Acid Synthesis

11.14 Synthesis of Fatty Acids Other Than Palmitate

11.15 Exercise Speeds Up Fatty Acid Oxidation in Muscle

11.16 Changes in the Plasma Fatty Acid Concentration and Profile During Exercise

11.17 Interconversion of Lipids and Carbohydrates

11.18 Brown Adipose Tissue

11.19 Plasma Lipoproteins

11.20 A Lipoprotein Odyssey

11.21 Effects of Exercise on Plasma Triacylglycerols

11.22 Effects of Exercise on Plasma Cholesterol

11.23 Exercise Increases Ketone Body Formation

Chapter 12. Protein Metabolism in Exercise

12.1 Processing of Dietary Proteins

12.2 Protein Content of the Human Body

12.3 Protein Turnover

12.4 Effects of Exercise on Protein Turnover

12.5 Amino Acid Degradation

12.6 Amino Acid Synthesis

12.7 Effects of Exercise on Amino Acid Metabolism in Muscle

12.8 Effects of Exercise on Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver

12.9 The Urea Cycle

12.6 Amino Acid Synthesis

12.10 Plasma Amino Acid, Ammonia, and Urea Concentrations During Exercise

12.11 Contribution of Proteins to the Energy Expenditure of Exercise

12.12 Effects of Training on Protein Turnover

Chapter 13. Effects of Exercise on Gene Expression

13.1 Stages in the Control of Gene Expression

13.2 Stages in the Control of Gene Expression Affected by Exercise

13.3 Kinetics of a Gene Product After Exercise

13.4 Exercise-Induced Changes That May Modify Gene Expression

13.5 Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy

13.6 Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Increase in Muscle-Mitochondrial Content

13.7 Exercise and Epigenetics

Chapter 14. Integration of Exercise Metabolism

14.1 Interconnections of Metabolic Pathways

14.2 Energy Systems

14.3 Energy Sources in Exercise

14.4 Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise

14.5 Effect of Exercise Intensity on the Choice of Energy Sources

14.6 Effect of Exercise Duration on the Choice of Energy Sources

14.7 Interplay of Duration and Intensity: Energy Sources in Running and Swimming

14.8 Effect of the Exercise Program on the Choice of Energy Sources

14.9 Sex Differences in the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise

14.10 How Sex Influences the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise

14.11 Effect of Age on the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise

14.12 Effect of Carbohydrate Intake on the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise

14.13 Effect of Fat Intake on the Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise

14.14 Adaptations of the Proportion of Energy Sources During Exercise to Endurance Training

14.15 How Endurance Training Modifies the Proportion of Energy Sources During Exercise?

14.16 Adaptations of Energy Metabolism to Resistance and Sprint Training

14.17 Adaptations of Exercise Metabolism to Interval Training

14.18 Effect of the Genome on the Choice of Energy Sources in Exercise

14.19 Muscle Fiber Type Transitions

14.20 Effects of Environmental Factors on the Choice of Energy Sources in Exercise

14.21 The Proportion of Fuels Can Be Measured Bloodlessly

14.22 Hormonal Effects on Exercise Metabolism

14.23 Redox State and Exercise Metabolism

14.24 Causes of Fatigue

14.25 Recovery of the Energy State After Exercise

14.26 Metabolic Changes in Detraining

Chapter 15. Exercise to Fight Disease

15.1 Health, Disease, and Exercise

15.2 Exercise to Fight Cardiovascular Disease

15.3 Adaptations of the Heart to Training

15.4 Adaptations of the Vasculature to Training

15.5 Exercise to Fight Cancer

15.6 Diabetes, a Major Metabolic Upset

15.7 Exercise to Fight Diabetes

15.8 Obesity, a Health-Threatening Condition

15.9 Why Obesity Is Harmful

15.10 Exercise to Fight Obesity

15.11 Exercise to Fight Osteoporosis

15.12 Exercise to Fight Mental Dysfunction

15.13 The Detriments of Physical Inactivity

15.14 Exercise for Healthy Aging and Longevity

15.15 Benefits From Regular Exercise in Other Diseases

15.16 A Final Word on the Value of Exercise

Part IV. Biochemical Assessment of Exercising Persons

IV.1 The Blood

IV.2 Aims and Scope of the Biochemical Assessment

IV.3 The Reference Interval

IV.4 Classes of Biochemical Parameters

Chapter 16. Iron Status

16.1 Hemoglobin

16.2 Hematologic Parameters

16.3 Does Sports Anemia Exist?

16.4 Iron

16.5 Total Iron-Binding Capacity

16.6 Transferrin Saturation

16.7 Soluble Transferrin Receptor

16.8 Ferritin

16.9 Iron Deficiency

Chapter 17. Metabolites

17.1 Lactate

17.2 Estimating the Anaerobic Lactic Capacity

17.3 Programming Training

17.4 Estimating Aerobic Endurance

17.5 Glucose

17.6 Triacylglycerols

17.7 Cholesterol

17.8 Recapping the Lipidemic Profile

17.9 Glycerol

17.10 Urea

17.11 Ammonia

17.12 Creatinine

17.13 Uric acid

17.14 Glutathione

Chapter 18. Enzymes and Hormones

18.1 Enzymes

18.2 Creatine Kinase

18.3 Glutamyltransferase

18.4 Antioxidant Enzymes

18.5 Steroid Hormones

18.6 Cortisol

18.7 Testosterone

18.8 Overtraining Syndrome

18.9 Epilogue

Part IV Summary